More than 11,000 monoclonal, polyclonal, secondary, labelled and control antibodies, validated by western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). Search by target, gene symbol or catalogue number.
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The range covers primary antibodies against more than 11,000 research targets, the secondary antibodies to detect them, and the controls that make a result interpretable.
| Type | What it is | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
| Monoclonal | One clone, one epitope, high lot-to-lot consistency | Specific detection, quantitative work, matched ELISA pairs |
| Polyclonal | A mix of antibodies to several epitopes of one target | Sensitive detection in WB, IHC and IP |
| Secondary | Anti-IgG from another host, usually conjugated | Detecting unlabelled primary antibodies |
| Labelled | Conjugated to HRP, biotin or a fluorophore | Direct detection, flow cytometry, multiplex IF |
| Control | Loading controls, isotype controls and tag antibodies | Normalising blots and proving specificity |
Search with the gene symbol and your species, for example LMNB1 or LMNB2 for the lamin B (LMNB) antibodies, HNRNPA1 or AIF1, and we check the available clones, hosts and validated applications.
Each application presents the target differently. In a western blot the protein is denatured and linear; in IHC it is fixed and cross-linked in tissue; in IF it sits in fixed, permeabilised cells. An antibody that recognises a linear epitope can work beautifully on a blot and fail on a tissue section. That is why validation is listed application by application.
| Application | Good validation shows | Ask for |
|---|---|---|
| Western blot | A band at the expected molecular weight, ideally absent in a knockout or knockdown lane | Blot image with ladder and cell lines used |
| IHC | Staining in the expected cell type and compartment, with a negative tissue | Images, fixation and antigen retrieval conditions |
| Immunofluorescence | The expected subcellular pattern with a nuclear counterstain | Images and fixation and permeabilisation method |
The guide how are antibodies used in a lab walks through each application and its controls, and the antigen retrieval protocol covers the step most IHC problems trace back to.
A secondary antibody is raised in one species against the IgG of the species your primary was made in. A rabbit polyclonal primary needs an anti-rabbit IgG secondary, for example goat anti-rabbit. Then match the conjugate to the detection method:
For multiplex staining with primaries from related hosts, choose cross-adsorbed secondaries. For tissues rich in Fc receptors, F(ab′)2 fragments reduce background.
The antibody is one step of several, and the others decide whether it gets a fair test. Extract protein with a buffer that suits the application, using the lysis buffer guide for western blot and IP. Run a prestained protein ladder in the first lane of every blot so you can check transfer and estimate size.
When you need a number rather than a band, a matched ELISA kit quantifies the same target in serum, plasma or lysate. For function, pair antibodies with cell-based and enzyme assays.
Price depends on how an antibody is made and proven, not only on its target. The main factors are:
More than 11,000, covering monoclonal, polyclonal, secondary, labelled and control antibodies. Send a target, gene symbol or catalogue number and we check what is available for your species and application.
The manufacturer has tested the antibody in western blot, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence and shows the results on the datasheet. Validation is specific to each application, so check that your application is listed for the antibody you order.
Choose a monoclonal when you need lot-to-lot consistency and a single, defined epitope, for example in long studies or quantitative assays. Choose a polyclonal when sensitivity matters more, or when fixation or denaturation might hide a single epitope.
One raised against the IgG of your primary antibody's host species, such as anti-rabbit IgG for a rabbit primary, with a conjugate that matches your detection: HRP for western blot and DAB-based IHC, a fluorophore for immunofluorescence.
Follow the datasheet. Most are kept at 2–8 °C for short periods and at -20 °C long term, often in a glycerol buffer, and aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze-thaw. Keep fluorophore conjugates in the dark.
Antibodies
Antibodies are the most widely used detection reagent in biology. This guide walks through each application, what the antibody actually binds in it, and why an antibody that works in one method can fail in another.
5 minute read
Antibodies
Polyclonals see many epitopes, monoclonals see one. That single difference decides how they behave in western blot, IHC, ELISA and IP, how consistent they are from lot to lot, and much of what they cost.
4 minute read
Antibodies
The lysis buffer decides which proteins you extract and whether their complexes survive. Here are the standard recipes, what each component does, and which buffer to choose for western blot, IP and co-IP.
4 minute read
Antibodies
Formalin fixation hides epitopes; heat and the right buffer bring them back. This is the Tris-EDTA pH 9 recipe, a heating protocol for pressure cooker, microwave and water bath, and how to decide between it and citrate pH 6.
5 minute read
Antibodies
Start by finding out whether the protein reached the membrane. A Ponceau S stain and a prestained ladder split most failed blots into two halves in a few minutes.
3 minute read
Send the details on the right with your list. Orders often combine ranges, so add anything else you need and we quote it together.
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